Sleep Disorders

Sleep medicine is a young discipline. However, approximately 150 different sleep/wake disorders are already known. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) has a systematic classification of sleep disorders. This classification system contains four major categories:

Dyssomnia

Disorders related to initiating and maintaining sleep or excessive sleepiness. Sleep Apnea Syndrome falls under this catergory.

Parasomnia

Disorders that involve arousal or partial arousal and do not primarily cause a complaint of insomnia or excessive sleepiness.

Medical Disorders

Disorders associated with medical or psychiatric disorders.

Proposed Sleep Disorders

Disorders for which there is insufficient information to confirm their acceptance as a definitive sleep disorder.

Note: This last category had to be added largely because of the innovative technology engineered by Medcare and similar companies which resulted in the discovery of several new sleep disorders.

To learn more about sleep and sleep disorders, we recommend consulting Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine by Kryger, Roth, and Dement that lists over 150 disorders and provides a thorough treatise on sleep medicine. Another resource is The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, which lists 90 separate sleep illness diagnoses (see list below), including a short description of the most common ones.

1. Dyssomnias

A. Intrinsic Sleep Disorders

  1. Psychophysiological Insomnia
  2. Sleep State Misperception
  3. Idiopathic Insomnia
  4. Narcolepsy
  5. Recurrent Hypersomnia
  6. Idiopathic Hypersomnia
  7. Post traumatic Hypersomnia
  8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
  9. Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome
  10. Central Alveolar Hypoventilation Syndrome
  11. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
  12. Restless Legs Syndrome
  13. Intrinsic Sleep Disorder NOS

B. Extrinsic Sleep Disorders

  1. Inadequate Sleep Hygiene
  2. Environmental Sleep Disorder
  3. Altitude Insomnia . Adjustment Sleep Disorder
  4. Insufficient Sleep Syndrome
  5. Limit-setting Sleep Disorder
  6. Sleep-onset Association Disorder
  7. Food Allergy insomnia
  8. Nocturnal Eating (Drinking) Syndrome
  9. Hypnotic-Dependent Sleep Disorder
  10. Stimulant Dependent Sleep Disorder
  11. Alcohol-Dependent Sleep Disorder
  12. Toxin-Induced Sleep Disorder
  13. Extrinsic Sleep Disorder NOS

C. Circadian-Rhythm Sleep Disorders

  1. Time Zone Change (Jet Lag) Syndrome
  2. Shift Work Sleep Disorder
  3. Irregular Sleep-Wake Pattern
  4. Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome
  5. Advanced Sleep-phase Syndrome
  6. Non-24- Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder
  7. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder

2. Parasomnias

A. Arousal Disorders

  1. Confusional Arousals
  2. Sleepwalking
  3. Sleep Terrors

B. Sleep-Wake Transition Disorders

  1. Rhythmic movement Disorder
  2. Sleep Starts
  3. Sleep Talking
  4. Nocturnal Leg Cramps

C. Parasomnias Usually Associated with REM Sleep

  1. Nightmares
  2. Sleep Paralysis
  3. Impaired Sleep-Related Penile Erection
  4. Sleep Related Painful Erections
  5. REM Sleep-Related Sinus Arrest
  6. REM Sleep Behaviour Diorder

D. Other Parasomnias

  1. Sleep Bruxism
  2. Sleep Enuresis
  3. Sleep-related abnormal swallowing syndrome
  4. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia
  5. Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome
  6. Primary snoring
  7. Infant sleep apnea
  8. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
  9. Sudden infant death syndrome
  10. Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus
  11. Other parasomnia NOS

3. Sleep disorders associated with medical or psychiatric disorders

A. Associated with mental disorders

  1. Psychoses Mood disorders
  2. Anxiety disorders
  3. Panic disorder
  4. Alcoholism

B. Associated with neurological disorders

  1. Cerebral degenerative disorders
  2. Dementia Parkinsonism
  3. Fatal familial insomnia
  4. Sleep-related epilepsy
  5. Electrical status epilepticus of sleep
  6. Sleep-related headaches

C. Associated with other medical disorders

  1. Sleeping sickness
  2. Nocturnal cardiac ischemia
  3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  4. Sleep-related asthma
  5. Sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux
  6. Peptic ulcer disease Fibrositis syndrome

4. Proposed sleep disorders

  1. Short sleeper
  2. Long sleeper
  3. Sub wakefulness syndrome Fragmentary myoclonus
  4. Sleep hyperhidrosis
  5. Menstruation-associated sleep disorder Pregnancy-associated sleep disorder
  6. Terrifying hypnagogic hallucinations
  7. Sleep-related neurogenic tachypnea Sleep-related laryngospasm
  8. Sleep choking syndrome
 

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